CLC 104 GROUP ASSIGNMENTS (INTRODUCTION TO ANICENTNROMAN HISTORY, SOCIETY AND INSTITUTION) GROUP FIVE QUESTION; EXPLAIN THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, MILITARY AND ECONOMY OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC PARTICIPANTS; BABAYEMI AYOMIDE 197890 OMOWOLE EMMNUEL 197909 ABIOYE ZAINAB O. 197884
While the Romans were expanding and building up their organisation of Italy the Romans state experienced a profound internal evolution. This was brought about in part by the necessity of modifying the government meet the needs of a rapidly growing community and in part by a successful struggle by the plebeians to secure political and other means monopolized first by the patricians. The revolution ousting Tarquin and the subsequent attempt of the patricians to dominate Rome in the period ca. 500 – 450 were perhaps inspired by the experience of nobles in Etruria wh6o were just then reducing the power of their own kings and establishing aristocratic regimes.
MILITARY DEVELOPMENTS: According to Roman tradition which seems factual the army of the legal period was levy of 3000 infantry and 300 cavalry recruited equally from each of the three early tribes. Thus each tribe supplied a regiment of 1000 infantry commanded by attribute of the soldiers and a troop of 100 cavalry. We know practically nothing however of the army of the early republic except that the numbers of centuries of Calvary at some time had been increased from three to six. Circumstantial evidence suggests that hoplite discipline and the phalanx may well have fallen into abeyance in the first year of patrician rule. The success of roman arms was at best rather indifferent in the period ca.500 - 450 BC. On one occasion the Battle of the Cremera River in 447 (463) tradition holds that Fabian gens was almost wiped out fighting veii which suggests a temporary return of the disorganised melee on the battlefield to which aristocrats had been accustomised. In any case phalanx tactics were again normal during the second half of the fifth centenary when the infantry levy was raised from thirty to forty centuries, a total of 4000 men.
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT The cornerstone of the Roman social structure was the household (familia). The state was an association of household, and it was the individual position in a household that determined his status in the community. The Roman household was expended family, comprising the father, his wife, his sons with their wives and children, his unmarried daughters and the household slaves. If we believe Roman folklore, the demands of the patriarchal system on women who were ideally expected to be chaste and obedient homemakers could be severe and exacting involving as they did high male standard of honour. Roman society originally grew out of several small farming communities in central Italy. Under a line of kings and under the heavy influence if not the political domination of the ETRUSCANS to the north, the roman formed themselves into a city state, probably in the seventh or sixith centuries BCE. Small farming communities would have been scattered throughout Rome’s territory which would have encircled the small city for about ten miles around those whose land was too far from the city core to walk to and from on a daily basis.
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT; Rome in its earliest days was governed by kings. However Anicent Rome was to develop its own form of government that allowed the romans to govern themselves. In one sense for a society that used it feared army to conquer other nation and reduced people to slavery, Rome was remarkably democratic when its people were concerned. Citizen of Rome would gather at an assembly to elect their own officials. The chief officials of Rome were called CONSULS and there were two of them. The consuls governed for a year if they did not live up to expectation they could be voted out of office at the next election. Therefore competence was rewarded and incompetence punished. In addition to consuls there were other elected officials- judges, magistrates and tax collectors being some of them. When the Roman empire started to grow and rome became a more powerful city, a top government position became more and more ambitious attractive.
b:When the Roman Empire started to grow and Rome became a more powerful city, a top government position became more and more attractive. Therefore, more and more ambitious men got involved in government. These men believed that Rome would be better served by one man governing the city and e
THE CONSULS Instead of a king, and to guard against despotism, the new government chose consuls, two in number. These individuals were not elected by the populace but appointed by the popular assembly, the Comitia Centuriata . Each consul served a one-year, non-consecutive, term, although he could serve a second or third term later. As both political and military heads of state, consuls possessed supreme executive power, commanding the army, presiding over the Senate, and proposing legislation; however, as a safeguard each consul had the ability to veto the other’s decision - an intercessio . As a symbol of their authority, they wore a traditional woolen toga with a purple border, sat upon a special chair or sella curulis , and were attended by at least six special assistants or lictors . Their symbol was the fasces , the bundle of rods and axe. At the end of their one-year term, they were held accountable to the popular assembly for any decisions made or actions taken. Many consuls would have their duties extended by becoming a proconsul, a governor of one of the many Roman provinces. Initially, while the position of consul was open only to patricians, plebeians became eligible in 367 BCE and by 342 BCE legislation dictated that one of the two consuls had to be a plebeian. Famous figures who served as consuls include Julius Caesar , Marcus Licinius Crassus , Pompey the Great , and Mark Antony.
SENATE Unlike later parliamentary bodies, the Roman Senate had little if any legislative authority, for that power wrested in the hands of the popular assemblies. Originally open only to the patricians, the Senate had what one might call “indirect” executive power called auctoritas . And, while it had no legal power, it still held significant influence, serving as an advisory body to the consuls and later emperors. Members of this conservative body were unpaid and served for life unless found guilty of public or private misconduct. Senators were forbidden to engage in banking or foreign trade. Throughout most of its existence, the Roman Senate remained the domain of the wealthy. And, while its ability to influence leadership decreased over time, especially under the reign of the emperors, membership in this hallowed institution varied. During the age of the kings when it served as a council or patres et conscripti , its number was firmly established at 100; however, later, under Tiberius and Gaius Gracchi during the 2nd century BCE, the number was increased to 300. A century later, Sulla , who hoped to enact serious land reforms, would triple this sum when he enlarged the Senate to 900. While Julius Caesar would add another hundred, bringing the total to 1,000, Emperor Augustus set its membership at 600.
CLC 104 GROUP ASSIGNMENTS (INTRODUCTION TO ANICENTNROMAN HISTORY, SOCIETY AND INSTITUTION)
ReplyDeleteGROUP FIVE
QUESTION; EXPLAIN THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, MILITARY AND ECONOMY OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC
PARTICIPANTS; BABAYEMI AYOMIDE 197890
OMOWOLE EMMNUEL 197909
ABIOYE ZAINAB O. 197884
While the Romans were expanding and building up their organisation of Italy the Romans state experienced a profound internal evolution. This was brought about in part by the necessity of modifying the government meet the needs of a rapidly growing community and in part by a successful struggle by the plebeians to secure political and other means monopolized first by the patricians. The revolution ousting Tarquin and the subsequent attempt of the patricians to dominate Rome in the period ca. 500 – 450 were perhaps inspired by the experience of nobles in Etruria wh6o were just then reducing the power of their own kings and establishing aristocratic regimes.
MILITARY DEVELOPMENTS: According to Roman tradition which seems factual the army of the legal period was levy of 3000 infantry and 300 cavalry recruited equally from each of the three early tribes. Thus each tribe supplied a regiment of 1000 infantry commanded by attribute of the soldiers and a troop of 100 cavalry. We know practically nothing however of the army of the early republic except that the numbers of centuries of Calvary at some time had been increased from three to six. Circumstantial evidence suggests that hoplite discipline and the phalanx may well have fallen into abeyance in the first year of patrician rule. The success of roman arms was at best rather indifferent in the period ca.500 - 450 BC. On one occasion the Battle of the Cremera River in 447 (463) tradition holds that Fabian gens was almost wiped out fighting veii which suggests a temporary return of the disorganised melee on the battlefield to which aristocrats had been accustomised. In any case phalanx tactics were again normal during the second half of the fifth centenary when the infantry levy was raised from thirty to forty centuries, a total of 4000 men.
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
The cornerstone of the Roman social structure was the household (familia). The state was an association of household, and it was the individual position in a household that determined his status in the community. The Roman household was expended family, comprising the father, his wife, his sons with their wives and children, his unmarried daughters and the household slaves. If we believe Roman folklore, the demands of the patriarchal system on women who were ideally expected to be chaste and obedient homemakers could be severe and exacting involving as they did high male standard of honour. Roman society originally grew out of several small farming communities in central Italy. Under a line of kings and under the heavy influence if not the political domination of the ETRUSCANS to the north, the roman formed themselves into a city state, probably in the seventh or sixith centuries BCE. Small farming communities would have been scattered throughout Rome’s territory which would have encircled the small city for about ten miles around those whose land was too far from the city core to walk to and from on a daily basis.
ReplyDeletePOLITICAL DEVELOPMENT; Rome in its earliest days was governed by kings. However Anicent Rome was to develop its own form of government that allowed the romans to govern themselves.
In one sense for a society that used it feared army to conquer other nation and reduced people to slavery, Rome was remarkably democratic when its people were concerned. Citizen of Rome would gather at an assembly to elect their own officials. The chief officials of Rome were called CONSULS and there were two of them. The consuls governed for a year if they did not live up to expectation they could be voted out of office at the next election. Therefore competence was rewarded and incompetence punished.
In addition to consuls there were other elected officials- judges, magistrates and tax collectors being some of them. When the Roman empire started to grow and rome became a more powerful city, a top government position became more and more ambitious attractive.
b:When the Roman Empire started to grow and Rome became a more powerful city, a top government position became more and more attractive. Therefore, more and more ambitious men got involved in government. These men believed that Rome would be better served by one man governing the city and e
ReplyDeleteTHE CONSULS
ReplyDeleteInstead of a king, and to guard against despotism, the new government chose consuls, two in number. These individuals were not elected by the populace but appointed by the popular assembly, the Comitia Centuriata . Each
consul served a one-year, non-consecutive, term, although he could serve a second or third term later. As both political and military heads of state, consuls possessed supreme executive power, commanding the army, presiding over the Senate, and proposing legislation; however, as a safeguard each consul had the ability to veto the other’s decision - an
intercessio . As a symbol of their authority, they wore a traditional woolen toga with a purple border, sat upon a special chair or sella curulis , and were attended by at least six special assistants or lictors . Their symbol was the fasces , the bundle of rods and axe. At the end of their one-year term, they were held accountable to the popular assembly for any decisions made or actions taken. Many consuls would have their duties extended by becoming a proconsul, a governor of one of the many Roman provinces. Initially, while the position of consul was open only to patricians, plebeians became eligible in 367 BCE and by 342 BCE legislation dictated that one of the two consuls had to be a plebeian. Famous figures who served as consuls include Julius Caesar , Marcus Licinius Crassus , Pompey the Great , and
Mark Antony.
SENATE
ReplyDeleteUnlike later parliamentary bodies, the
Roman Senate had little if any legislative authority, for that power wrested in the hands of the popular assemblies. Originally open only to the patricians, the Senate had what one might call “indirect” executive power called
auctoritas . And, while it had no legal power, it still held significant influence, serving as an advisory body to the consuls and later emperors. Members of this conservative body were unpaid and served for life unless found guilty of public or private misconduct. Senators were forbidden to engage in banking or foreign trade.
Throughout most of its existence, the Roman Senate remained the domain of the wealthy. And, while its ability to influence leadership decreased over time, especially under the reign of the emperors, membership in this hallowed institution varied. During the age of the kings when it served as a council or patres et conscripti , its number was firmly established at 100; however, later, under Tiberius and Gaius Gracchi during the 2nd century BCE, the number was increased to 300. A century later, Sulla , who hoped to enact serious land reforms, would triple this sum when he enlarged the Senate to 900. While Julius Caesar would add another hundred, bringing the total to 1,000, Emperor Augustus set its membership at 600.
References; clc 104 material and geogle
ReplyDeleteNnubia Chiamaka
ReplyDelete197902