Italy, robbed by the Apennines , girdled by the Alps and sea, juts out like a long boot from Europe towards the Northern African Coast . Physical Italy had two regions: the northern continental and the southern peninsular. Their area is about 91200 square miles. The continent consists of the southern watershed of the Alps and the northern watershed from the Apennines with the intervening lowland plain. East to west the region measures about 320 miles and its width from north to south does not exceed 70 miles. The Alps extend in an irregular crescent of 1200 miles from the Mediterranean near the Adriatic near the Trieste . The Alps formed no serious barrier to landward migration into Italy because from the west there is an easy approach at the end of Alps along the Riviera and at the eastern approaches, a low pass facilitates access from the basin of the middle Danube. The plain is occupied largely by the valley of the Po , the greatest Italian River which rises in the Western Alps and the flows eastward for 360 miles to the Adriatic, receiving many tributaries along the route. The plain is richly alluvial cause silt as been built up by the rivers. A marshy delta of the Po and the lagoons at the site of modern Venice has been formed due to the excess silt that is carried to the sea where it chokes the river mouths and continuously extends to the coastline. Alpine rivers furnish abundant water throughout the year, however and thus enhance agriculture of the north Italian plain. In its natural state this region was swampy and forested and many centuries of effort were required before it was cleared, drained and cultivated. The second region of Italy which is the Peninsula. The southern Italy is along the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas and terminating in two promontories which forms tor and heel of the Italian boot. It is transversed by parallel ridges of the Apennines which gives it diversity of hills and valley.
. The length of the Peninsula is 650 miles and it's breadth is nowhere and is more than 125. The average heights of these mountains which form a sort of back bone system and the highest peaks are below snow line. Throughout Italy the loftiest ranges of the Apennines lie close to the Adriatic leaving only a narrow coastland intersected by the numerous short mountain torrents. In the West, the mountains are lower and recede farther from the sea. On this side are rivers of some length. In the south, the mountain chain swings over the western coasts where it ends in the rugged promontory of Calabaria . The west coast of Italy with adjacent islands has always been the scene of volcanic activity. Both north and south of the Tiber River there are extinct volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions has caused considerable temporary damages, their effects have been ultimately beneficial. Volcanic and weathered volcanic rock from excellent soils particularly adapted to viticulture. The islands; Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. The location of the three islands make them a third region of Italy with which their history has been closely linked. Sicily forms a large triangle separated from the toe of Italy by the narrow Strait of Messina and from the African coast by a shallow stretch of sea about 80 miles wide. It is really a prolongation of the Apennine chain and in early geologic times formed part of a land bridge between Italy and Africa. The climate of Italy is characterized by a high average temperature and an absence of extremes of heat and cold and rainy winters followed by dry summers. However it varies in different localities according to their northern or southern situation, their proximity to the sea and their elevation. The continental climate approaches that of central approaches that of Central Europe with a wide difference between summer and winter temperatures and clearly marked transitional periods of spring and autumn. Here are frequent winter snows, abundant rains in spring and fall and moderate ones in summer. Annual rainfall decreases, summers are drier, in the south Italy mad Sicily almost rainless, and there is a rapid transit between wet and dry seasons. Even the rainy seasons are rather sunny and the Italian climate is both healthful and stimulating. Also Italy was much wooded than most Mediterranean countries. The southern slopes of the Alps and the Po valley was forested, the former being noted fr their latch and the birds-eye maple, the latter for its oaks, beeches and chestnuts. Great forests flourishes in the Apennines particularly along the Ligurian coast, in southern Etruria and in valleys of the Tiber and its tributaries. The forests of Corsica were farms and even the mountains in the toe of Italy were heavily timbered. There was a single pine furnished the mast for the largest ship of ancient. Also there were thickets of laurel, myrtle and similar shrubs and small trees. Timber was in great demand for shipbuilding among Carthaginians , Etruscans, Greeks and Romans. Furthermore the mineral wealth of Italy wasn't really great. The chief minerals mined were copper and iron, copper extensively in Etruria, Liguria, and Sardinia, iron on the island of Elba off the coast of Etruria. For a while the gold washings in the valley of the Graian Alps were worked. Tim was found in Etruria and silver in Sardinia. Salt was mined in Sicily and was obtained from the Salt marshes at the mouth of Tiber and along the west east of central Italy . Italy had excellent clay and also marble of excellent quality. Agriculture in Italy was pastoral. The lowland yielded various grains, millet and maize and also barley while peas, beans and other vegetables were raised in abundance everywhere. Campania was especially fertile and allegedly yielded three successive crops annually. Apples, pears and nuts were raised but not lemon, oranges and rice until long after the fall of the Roman Empire.aage
Circular graves The prehistoric culture of Italy began in the Paleolithic. There were several cultures in the history of Italy ranging from old stone age where evidence of human occupation comes chiefly from the discovery of flint tools and weapons shaped by flaking or dipping in a fashion characteristics of the old stone age
Animals bone were used to make axes scrappers and awls. They were food gatherers. They had no domestic animals and raised no crops, then the middle age and the new stone age came about, whereby italy moved from food gatherer to a food producing economy, the middle stone age is also known as the Mesolithic age, while later on they moved to the new stone age which was
characterized by the new techniques in the manufacturing of implements, tools were made by the new grinding and polishing techniques which was useful in developing agriculture. New stone age people also introduced pottery making and cloth weaving as part of their cultures. Their agriculture also expanded with several variety of grains chiefly wheat and barley and flax were their chief products. Hunting was still very important source of food. In the new stone age, the people of Liguria in the northeast were living in caves, where they also buried their dead. Despite local variations, there is general uniformity of burial cultures throughout Italy. The dead were buried in a contracted position with arms folded across the chest and knee drawn up to the body. Inhumation took place in either cave floor or pits, it was their custom to strip the bones of flesh, to paint it with red. Later on New people entered Italy during this period whose intrusion is marked by the introduction of a new burial rite, cremation of the dead and burial of their ashes and bones in pottery, then the copper age came about whereby the neolithic people acquired knowledge of copper the chief metal were dagged and chisels of pure copper, then under the copper there was the palefitte culture, the palefitte villagers were hunters, fishermen, farmers, wheat and millets were their main crops, they made wooden dugout canoes for use on the lakes and cleared shores for field and pasture Also the Italy people moved to the bronze age whereby the techniques of mixing melted copper with tin form bronze, the bronze age had a culture which is associated with it which was the Teramane culture, the people were
Early bronze age daggers from italy
much more advanced than the palafitte, they were hunters, prsctised weaving and were skillful workers in wood and bronze, their coarse pottery, thier bronze tools and weapons had distinctive European forms. They seemed to also have wheeled carts and for musical instrument had bronze horns or trumpets. This culture cremated their dead and buried their ashes in jars known as ossuarieo, cinerary uras. Then later on Italy transisted from bronze age to iron age, this period was marked like the bronze age by the formation of regional cultures, it is also known as the villanovan culture. Earthenware and bronze jars were useful and use to hold ashes and bones of the dead, the jars were buried in pits covered with stone slabs.
Italy, robbed by the Apennines , girdled by the Alps and sea, juts out like a long boot from Europe towards the Northern African Coast . Physical Italy had two regions: the northern continental and the southern peninsular. Their area is about 91200 square miles.
ReplyDeleteThe continent consists of the southern watershed of the Alps and the northern watershed from the Apennines with the intervening lowland plain. East to west the region measures about 320 miles and its width from north to south does not exceed 70 miles. The Alps extend in an irregular crescent of 1200 miles from the Mediterranean near the Adriatic near the Trieste .
The Alps formed no serious barrier to landward migration into Italy because from the west there is an easy approach at the end of Alps along the Riviera and at the eastern approaches, a low pass facilitates access from the basin of the middle Danube.
The plain is occupied largely by the valley of the Po , the greatest Italian River which rises in the Western Alps and the flows eastward for 360 miles to the Adriatic, receiving many tributaries along the route. The plain is richly alluvial cause silt as been built up by the rivers.
A marshy delta of the Po and the lagoons at the site of modern Venice has been formed due to the excess silt that is carried to the sea where it chokes the river mouths and continuously extends to the coastline. Alpine rivers furnish abundant water throughout the year, however and thus enhance agriculture of the north Italian plain.
In its natural state this region was swampy and forested and many centuries of effort were required before it was cleared, drained and cultivated.
The second region of Italy which is the Peninsula. The southern Italy is along the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas and terminating in two promontories which forms tor and heel of the Italian boot. It is transversed by parallel ridges of the Apennines which gives it diversity of hills and valley.
. The length of the Peninsula is 650 miles and it's breadth is nowhere and is more than 125. The average heights of these mountains which form a sort of back bone system and the highest peaks are below snow line.
ReplyDeleteThroughout Italy the loftiest ranges of the Apennines lie close to the Adriatic leaving only a narrow coastland intersected by the numerous short mountain torrents. In the West, the mountains are lower and recede farther from the sea. On this side are rivers of some length. In the south, the mountain chain swings over the western coasts where it ends in the rugged promontory of Calabaria . The west coast of Italy with adjacent islands has always been the scene of volcanic activity. Both north and south of the Tiber River there are extinct volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions has caused considerable temporary damages, their effects have been ultimately beneficial. Volcanic and weathered volcanic rock from excellent soils particularly adapted to viticulture.
The islands; Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. The location of the three islands make them a third region of Italy with which their history has been closely linked. Sicily forms a large triangle separated from the toe of Italy by the narrow Strait of Messina and from the African coast by a shallow stretch of sea about 80 miles wide. It is really a prolongation of the Apennine chain and in early geologic times formed part of a land bridge between Italy and Africa.
The climate of Italy is characterized by a high average temperature and an absence of extremes of heat and cold and rainy winters followed by dry summers. However it varies in different localities according to their northern or southern situation, their proximity to the sea and their elevation. The continental climate approaches that of central approaches that of Central Europe with a wide difference between summer and winter temperatures and clearly marked transitional periods of spring and autumn. Here are frequent winter snows, abundant rains in spring and fall and moderate ones in summer. Annual rainfall decreases, summers are drier, in the south Italy mad Sicily almost rainless, and there is a rapid transit between wet and dry seasons. Even the rainy seasons are rather sunny and the Italian climate is both healthful and stimulating.
Also Italy was much wooded than most Mediterranean countries. The southern slopes of the Alps and the Po valley was forested, the former being noted fr their latch and the birds-eye maple, the latter for its oaks, beeches and chestnuts. Great forests flourishes in the Apennines particularly along the Ligurian coast, in southern Etruria and in valleys of the Tiber and its tributaries.
The forests of Corsica were farms and even the mountains in the toe of Italy were heavily timbered. There was a single pine furnished the mast for the largest ship of ancient. Also there were thickets of laurel, myrtle and similar shrubs and small trees. Timber was in great demand for shipbuilding among Carthaginians , Etruscans, Greeks and Romans.
Furthermore the mineral wealth of Italy wasn't really great. The chief minerals mined were copper and iron, copper extensively in Etruria, Liguria, and Sardinia, iron on the island of Elba off the coast of Etruria. For a while the gold washings in the valley of the Graian Alps were worked. Tim was found in Etruria and silver in Sardinia. Salt was mined in Sicily and was obtained from the Salt marshes at the mouth of Tiber and along the west east of central Italy . Italy had excellent clay and also marble of excellent quality.
Agriculture in Italy was pastoral. The lowland yielded various grains, millet and maize and also barley while peas, beans and other vegetables were raised in abundance everywhere. Campania was especially fertile and allegedly yielded three successive crops annually. Apples, pears and nuts were raised but not lemon, oranges and rice until long after the fall of the Roman Empire.aage
THE PREHISTORIC CULTURES OF ITALY
ReplyDeleteCircular graves
The prehistoric culture of Italy began in the Paleolithic. There were several cultures in the history of Italy ranging from old stone age where evidence of human occupation comes chiefly from the discovery of flint tools and weapons shaped by flaking or dipping in a fashion characteristics of the old stone age
Animals bone were used to make axes scrappers and awls. They were food gatherers. They had no domestic animals and raised no crops, then the middle age and the new stone age came about, whereby italy moved from food gatherer to a food producing economy, the middle stone age is also known as the Mesolithic age, while later on they moved to the new stone age which was
characterized by the new techniques in the manufacturing of implements, tools were made by the new grinding and polishing techniques which was useful in developing agriculture. New stone age people also introduced pottery making and cloth weaving as part of their cultures. Their agriculture also expanded with several variety of grains chiefly wheat and barley and flax were their chief products. Hunting was still very important source of food. In the new stone age, the people of Liguria in the northeast were living in caves, where they also buried their dead. Despite local variations, there is general uniformity of burial cultures throughout Italy. The dead were buried in a contracted position with arms folded across the chest and knee drawn up to the body. Inhumation took place in either cave floor or pits, it was their custom to strip the bones of flesh, to paint it with red. Later on New people entered Italy during this period whose intrusion is marked by the introduction of a new burial rite, cremation of the dead and burial of their ashes and bones in pottery, then the copper age came about whereby the neolithic people acquired knowledge of copper the chief metal were dagged and chisels of pure copper, then under the copper there was the palefitte culture, the palefitte villagers were hunters, fishermen, farmers, wheat and millets were their main crops, they made wooden dugout canoes for use on the lakes and cleared shores for field and pasture
Also the Italy people moved to the bronze age whereby the techniques of mixing melted copper with tin form bronze, the bronze age had a culture which is associated with it which was the Teramane culture, the people were
Early bronze age daggers from italy
much more advanced than the palafitte, they were hunters, prsctised weaving and were skillful workers in wood and bronze, their coarse pottery, thier bronze tools and weapons had distinctive European forms. They seemed to also have wheeled carts and for musical instrument had bronze horns or trumpets. This culture cremated their dead and buried their ashes in jars known as ossuarieo, cinerary uras. Then later on Italy transisted from bronze age to iron age, this period was marked like the bronze age by the formation of regional cultures, it is also known as the villanovan culture. Earthenware and bronze jars were useful and use to hold ashes and bones of the dead, the jars were buried in pits covered with stone slabs.
GROUP MEMEBERS
ReplyDelete1.OBANLA OPEYEMI – group leader 198175
2.AJIBONA KOREDE. 198156
3.AGWAMBA JOHNPAUL. 198153
4.FINIOLORO ANJOLAOLUWA. 197977
5 .Olawumi Deborah. 197907
6.Ajayi Stephen 198154
7.Beckley Morakinyo Alade. 198167
8.Oyundoyin Temiloluwa. 198195
9.Okunlola modupe ogechukwu 198181
10.Ayetuoma Silas 198015
11.Akinsanya Aderonke. 184063
12.olatunji oluwadamilare. 198185
13.omokowajo Christopher. 198189
14.Ajetunmobi Fisayo.198155
ReplyDelete